make difficult

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `Muse', Goddess of song and poetry (usu. in plur.), also metaphor. `song, music, poetry' (IA., Il.)

Other forms: Aeol. μοῖσα, Dor. μῶσα, Lac. μῶἁ (Ar.).

Compounds: Many compp., e.g. μουσ-ηγέτης, Aeol. μοισ-αγέτας m. `who leads (the) Muses' = Apollon (Pi., Att.; Chantraine Études 88 f.), ἄ-μουσος `without Muses, unformed etc.' (IA.) with ἀμουσ-ία `lack of education' (E., Pl.).

Derivatives: A. Subst. 1. μουσ-εῖον `seat of the Muses, school for higher education, Museum' (Att.), Lat. mūsēum, - īum, also `sculpture of motley stones, mosaic'; from there late Gr. μουσῖον `id.' (W-.Hofmann s.v. w. lit.). -- 2. Μουσα-ϊσταί m. pl. `guild of adorers of the Muses' (Rhod.; as Έρμαϊσταί a.o., Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 177). -- 3. μούσωνες οἱ κορυφαῖοι τῶν μαγείρων, καὶ οἱ τεχνῖται H.; "to whom the Muses go at heart ", with Μουσώνιος, - ία (if not Etrusc.; Solmsen Wortforsch. 49). -- 4. μουσάριον name of an eye-salve (Alex. Trall.). -- B. Adj. 1. μουσικός `of the Muses-, musical, well educated' with μουσική ( τέχνη) `music, poetry, mental formation' (Pi., IA.; Chantraine Études [s. Index]), - ικεύομαι `cultivate music ' (Duris, S. E., sch.). -- 2. μοισ-αῖος `regarding the Muses' (Pi.). -- 3. μούσ-ειος `id.' (E., AP). -- C. Verbs: 1. μουσόομαι `be led and educated by the Muses, be formed harmonically' (Ar., Phld., Plu.), - όω `endow with music' (Ph.; ἐκ- μουσ̃α E. Ba. 825. κατα- μουσ̃α Jul.), `ornate with mosaics' (Tralles) with μουσωτής `mosaic-worker' (Syria VI<sup>p</sup>); prob. backformation to μουσῖον (s. above). -- 2. μουσ-ίζομαι (E.), - ίσδω (Theoc.) `sing, play' with μουσικτάς ψάλτης, τεχνίτης H. -- 3. μουσ-ιάζω `id.' (Phld.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: As the original, appellative meaning of μοῦσα is unknown and the antique traditions on the Muses do not allow certain conclusions on the name (cf. v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 250 f., Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 253 ff.), we only can make guesses about the etymology. -- It may be a formed with -ι̯α to a noun with possible bases *μόντι̯α, *μόνθι̯α. The explanations often connect μένος, μέμονα etc.: from *μόν-τι̯α (Brugmann IF 3, 253ff.), morpholog. difficult, s. Wackernagel KZ 33, 571 ff. (= Kl. Schr. 2, 1204ff.); from *μόν-σα (Lasso de la Vega Emer. 22, 66 ff. with extensive treatment and criticism of predecessors), phonet. difficult; from *μόνθ-ι̯α to μενθήρη, μανθάνω (Ehrlich KZ 41, 287 ff. with further, in eny case wrong connection of Skt. mán-thati `stir'); so μοῦσα prop. "mental excitement"; rejected by Meillet Les dial. indoeur. (Paris 1908) 83, but carefully agreeing Kretschmer Glotta 1, 385; from *μῶ-ντ-ι̯α \> *μόντ-ι̯α, ptc. of μῶσθαι supposedly `meditate', but rather `strive, aim' (Fick KZ 46, 82 with Pl. Kra. 406 a); against this WP. 2, 271; from *μόντ-ι̯α as "mountain-woman, mountain-nymph" (Wackernagel l.c.); but Lat. mons is not found in Greek; rejected a.o. by W.-Hofmann s. mōns. -- Older views in Curtius 312. - Not in Fur. It is rather strange that all explanations start from the assumption that the word is IE, whereas it can quite well be of Pre-Greek origin. Does it continue *mont^y-a?

Page in Frisk: 2,260-261

δυσχερ-αίνω, [tense] impf.

A

ἐδυσχέραινον Pl.Tht. 169d

: [tense] aor.

ἐδυσχέρᾱνα S.OC 1282

, Isoc.12.201: [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.

ἐδυσχεράνθην Plu.2.820f

: ([etym.] δυσχερής):— to be unable to endure or put up with, to be disgusted at, c. acc., Isoc.14.46, Pl.Tht. 195c, D.19.116, etc.;

θεούς Pl.Lg. 900a

;

δ. τὸ γενέσθαι τι X.HG7.4.2

;

τὸ ἀδικεῖν Pl.R. 362b

: c. acc. et part., to be annoyed at his doing, Aeschin.1.158.

2 mostly intr., feel dislike, disgust or annoyance, to be displeased,

περί τινος And.3.35

; τινί at a thing, D.55.11;

ἐπί τινι Isoc.1.26

;

πρός τι D.H.Th.34

, Plu. Pyrrh.21;

κατά τινος Luc.Nav.10

; also δ. ἑαυτῷ to have misgivings, Arist.Metaph. 984a29:—[voice] Pass., to be hateful,

ὄνομα δυσχεραινόμενον Plu.Publ.1

;

δ. ὑπὸ πολλῶν Id.Cic.24

.

3 c. inf., scorn to do a thing, Pl.R. 388a: c. acc., δ. τι τῶν λεχθέντων feel qualms about, Id.Plt. 294a; ταῦτ' οὐκ ἐδυσχέραινεν felt no scruple about, Aeschin.1.54; to be fastidious,

περὶ τὰ μαθήματα Pl.R. 475b

.

II causal, cause annoyance, ῥήματ' ἢ τέρψαντά τι ἢ δυσχεράναντ' S.OC 1282; δ. τὴν ὁδόν make it difficult, App.Ill.18:—[voice] Pass., to be disagreeable,

τοῖς ἀκούουσι Arist.Rh.Al. 1432b19

: abs., ib. 1437a33.

III δ. ἐν τοῖς λόγοις to make difficulties in argument, to be captious, Pl.Grg. 450e.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to surround closely, to enclose tightly, to encase, to wreathe, to honour (with libations)' (for it, esp in prose, often στεφανόω).

Other forms: Aor. στέψαι, - ασθαι (Il.), pass. στεφθῆναι, fut. στέψω, - ομαι, perf. ἔστεμμαι (IA.; ἐστεθμένος Miletos VI^a; cf. στέθματα below).

Compounds: Also w. περι-, ἐπι-, κατα- a.o. As 2. member a.o. in χρυσο-στεφής `consisting of a golden garland' (S.), but most verbal, e.g. καταστεφ-ής `wreathed' (: κατα-στέφω, S., A. R.).

Derivatives: 1. στέφος n. `wreath, garland' (Emp., trag., late prose), metaph. `honouring libation' (A. Oh. 95); 2. στέμμα, most pl. - ατα n. `band, wreath' (Il.), also as ornament of Rom. figures or ancestors, `family tree' (Plu., Sen., Plin.), `guild' (late inscr.) with - ματίας surn. of Apollon (Paus.), - ματιαῖον meaning uncertain (H., AB), - ματόω `to wreathe' (E.); on the byform στέθματα τὰ στέμματα H. s. Schwyzer 317 Zus. 1 (w. lit.). 3. στέψις f. `the wreathing' (pap. III<sup>p</sup>). 4. στεπτικόν n. `wreath-money, -toll' (pap. III^p). 5. στεπτήρια στέμματα, α οἱ ἱέται ἐκ τῶν κλάδων ἐξῆπτον H.; Στεπτήριον n. name of a Delphic feast (Plu.). 6. στεφών m. `summit' (Ephesos III<sup>a</sup>), = ὑψηλός, ἀπόκρημνος H.; after κολοφών a.o. -- 7. στεφάνη f. `fillet, edge of a helmet' also `helmet' (Trümpy Fachausdrücke 43. also Hainsworth JHSt. 78, 52), `edge of a rock, wall-pinnacle' (esp. ep. poet. Il., also hell. a. late prose). 8. στέφανος m. `wreath, frame, wreath of victory or honour, honour' (since Ν 736) with several derivv.: - ιον, - ίσκος, - ίς, - ικός, - ιαῖος. - ίτης, - ιτικός, - ίζω, - ίξαι; esp. - όομαι, - όω, also w. περι- a.o., `to form a wreath, to wreathe, to crown, to decorate, to honour' (Il.), from where - ωμα, - ωματικός, - ωσις, - ωτής. - ωτίς and - ωτρίς (Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 164), - ωτικός.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: As the basic meaning of στέφω, from which all other formations ar serived, clearly is `closely, fest surrounded, enclosed', there is no reason not to connect, Skt. stabhnā́ti, perf. tastámbha `make fest, hold fest, support, stiffen, stem', as already appears from πύκα `close, fest', πυκάζω `make fest, enclose narrowly', ἄμ-πυξ (and Av. pusā) `band of the forehead, diadem' [but see s.v.]. Of the many further representatives of this great and difficult to limit wordgroup may only still be mentioned Skt. stambha- m. `making fest, stem, support, post, pillar', Lith. stam̃bas `stump, stalk of a plant', Latv. stabs `pillar', Germ. e.g. OHG stabēn `be fixed, stiff' (Eastfris. staf `stiff, lame'), OWNo. stefja `stem', OHG stab, OWNo. stafr `staff'; IE * stebh-, stembh- (WP. 2, 623ff., Pok. 1011 ff.). -- As Skt. stambha- can also mean `bumptiousness, pretentious being', the question has arisen, whether also στόμφος `bombastic, highflown speech' belongs here; cf. on στέμβω. With stabhnā́ti etc. are often connected στέμβω [wrongly, s.v.], ἀστεμφής etc. assuming a meaning complex `press, stamp, stem, support, post etc.' (s. WP. and Pok. l. c.), a combination, which goes beyond what can be proven. -- Diff. on στέφω, στέφανος Lidén Streitberg-Festgabe 224ff.: to NPers. tāǰ `corona, diadema regium', Arm. t`ag `id.', ev. also to Osset. multiplicative suffix - daɣ (W. Oss. dudaɣ) with a basic meaning `wind, wrap, fold'; would be IE *( s)tegʷʰ-. == Frisk's discussion is completely dated. It is hampered by Pok. 1011, where (* stebh-. * stembh- and * step- are conbined; this is impossible in IE, so the grouping can best be completely dismissed (presence beside absence of a nasal is impossible, as is bh\/b\/p.) Skt. stabhná̄ti has a root * stembhH-\/*stm̥bhH-, which cannot give Gr. στεφ-, not στεμβ-. It might be found in ἀστεμφής. = σταφυλή and στέμφυλον are a Pre-Greek group and have nothing to do with IE. = The argumentation around ἄμπυξ (s.v.) can better be abandoned. = For στέφω one expects *stebh- (without nasal), but no such root has been found; the Geranic words for `staff (Stab)' have a quite diff. meaning. = So στέφω has no etym.

Page in Frisk: 2,794-795

δῠσοδ-έω,

A make bad way, get on slowly, Plu.Pyrrh.32; of difficult breathing or childbirth, Ph. 2.563, Sor.2.59: metaph., Arr.Epict.3.19.3.

κερᾰμ-εία, ἡ,

A the potter's craft, Pl.Prt. 324e: prov., ἐν πίθῳ τὴν κ. μανθάνειν, of those who undertake the most difficult tasks without learning the elements of the art, Id.Grg. 514e, cf.La. 187b, Dicaearch. Hist.51; τῆς αὐτῆς κ., of the same make, Eratosth. ap. Ath.11.482b.

προσμείγνῡμι, Pl.Lg. 878b, also [full] προσμίσγω (v. infr.): [tense] fut. - μείξω: [tense] aor. - έμειξα:—

A make to reach or touch,

μακρὰ τείχη τῇ θαλάσσῃ Plu. Alc.15

;

τῷ ποταμῷ τὸ δεξιόν Id.Art.8

: metaph. of a race-horse, π. κράτει δεσπόταν lead him to sure victory, Pi.O.1.22; reversely,

π. κίνδυνον τῇ πόλει Aeschin.3.146

.

2 Arith., add, Cat.Cod.Astr.1.168.

3 mix in as well, Zos.Alch.p.142B.

II intr., hold intercourse with, approach,

ἐκείνῳ γ' οὐδὲ προσμεῖξαι S.Ph. 106

;

Ζηνὶ προσμείξων E.Fr. 911

(lyr.); of things,

ὅρος ὅρῳ προσμειγνύς Pl.Lg. 878b

; ψυχὴ ἀρετῇ θείᾳ προς μείξασα having had communion with.., ib. 904d; προσέμειξεν.. τοὔπος ἡμῖν came suddenly upon us, S.Tr. 821 (lyr.); also ἐπειδὴ προσέμειξεν ἐγγὺς τοῦ στρατεύματος came near.., Th.4.93, cf. 7.41;

ἐγγύτερον ἐπί τινας Pl.Plt. 290c

;

αὐτοῖς ἐγγύθεν Id.Lg. 783b

.

2 in hostile sense, meet in battle, engage with,

προσέμειξαν τοῖσι βαρβάροισι Hdt.6.112

, cf. 5.64, etc.;

πρὸς ἀταξίαν τοιαύτην.. ὀργῇ προσμείξωμεν Th.7.68

: abs., engage,

ὅπῃ προσμείξειαν X.Cyr.5.4.46

; [οἱ Σκύθαι] ἄποροι προσμίσγειν difficult to come to close quarters with, Hdt.4.46.

3 come or go close up to..,

προσέμειξαν τῷ τείχει τῶν πολεμίων Th.3.22

;

προσέμισγον τῷ ζεύγματι Id.7.70

;

προσέμισγον πρὸς τὰς ἐπάλξεις Id.3.22

; but πρὸς τὰς ἐντὸς [ναῦς] προσμεῖξαι form a junction with them, Id.7.22, cf. X.Cyr.2.4.21;

ὅπως οἱ τελευταῖοι -μείξειαν Id.An.4.2.16

: poet. c. acc., μέλαθρα π. E.Or. 1290 (lyr.).

4 προσέμειξαν ([etym.] - ξε) τῇ Νάξῳ, τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ, τῇ Ἀσίῃ, put to shore at, arrived at, landed in, Hdt.6.96, 7.168, 8.130;

τῷ Τάραντι προσμίσγει Th.6.104

, cf. 1.46;

εἰς Θάψον ταῖς ναυσί Plu. Nic.17

.

σῠχνός, ή, όν:

I in sg.,

1 of Time, long, χρόνος ς. Hdt. 8.52, Pl.Phd. 57a, Gal.15.152, etc.; χρόνῳ σ. ὕστερον, σ. ὕστερον χρόνῳ, X.An.1.8.8, Pl.Grg. 518d: c. gen., συχνὸν τοῦ βίου a great part of life, Id.Ep. 322e.

2 long in point of time, σ. λόγος a long speech, Id.Grg. 465e, etc.;

μάλα σ. λόγος Id.Tht. 185e

; σ. πραγματεία long, wearisome, D.52.21.

II of Number, many,

ἔθνεα Hdt.1.58

;

πόλιες Id.6.33

; πόνοι ib. 108; [ πρόλογοι] Ar.Ra. 1237; πληγαί, κακά, Id.Av. 1014, Pl.R. 544c, etc.; ἡμέρας συχνάς for many days together, Id.Prt. 313a, cf. D.35.30; τεκεῖν πέντε συχνὰ ταῖς αὐταῖς ὠδῖσι five at once, Plu.2.429f (s.v.l., τέκνα is cj.): c. gen.,

συχναὶ τῶν νήσων Hdt.3.39

;

σ. τῶν λόγων Pl.Grg. 519e

; τῶν ληφθέντων ς. Th.4.106, cf. X.An.5.4.16, etc.: abs., συχνοί many people together, Th.2.52, etc.; ἄλλοι ς. many others, Ar.Ec. 388.

2 with sg. nouns, great, large,

λεπαστή Theopomp.Com.41

;

σφύραινα Antiph. 97

; [ τὸ πολίχνιον] σ. ποιεῖν make the small town populous, Pl.R. 370d;

σ. χώρα Str.15.1.28

;

οἰκία Anon.

ap. Suid.;

σ. θεραπεία εὐνούχων Iamb.

ap. eund.

b much, great,

οὐσία Ar.Pl. 754

;

πειθώ Pl. R. 414c

; σ. ἔργον great, difficult, ib. 511c; σ. εὐλάβεια, σκέψις, μελέτη, great, constant, ib. 539b, Lg. 968b, Thphr.Fr. 175; σ. τὸ ὑπεραῖρον τὸ ὕδωρ large part (of the plant), Id.HP4.8.10; σ. εἶδος often-recurring, Pl.Plt. 287e; ἡ διοίκησις ς. the expense was great, D.59.42;

σ. αἷμα ἐρρύη Hp.Epid.7.77

; διέρχεται φλέγμα ς. Gal.16.584; δεῖπνον ς. plentiful, AP6.303 ([place name] Aristo); σ. θεραπεία, πληθύς, ἀργύριον, etc., Plu.Publ.5, Pomp.39, Lys.16, etc.: c. gen.,

τῆς μαρίλης συχνήν Ar. Ach. 350

.

III of Space,

προσεπιδεῖν καὶ ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν ἐπὶ συχνόν Hp.Fract.14

; συχνοτέρας κινήσιας ἔχει more extensive movements, Id.Mochl.1.

B the Adv. συχνῶς ( Antipho 3.3.3, PGiss.20.25 (ii A.D.), Gal. 16.684) is rare, the neut. συχνόν, συχνά being used instead,

I often, much,

συχνὸν διαμαρτάνεις Pl.Phdr. 257d

;

συχνὰ χαίρειν ἐᾶν Id.Phlb. 59b

;

ἐπὶ συχνόν Hp.Fract.14

.

2 far,

διαλείποντα συχνὸν ἀπ' ἀλλήλων X.An.1.8.10

;

προελαύνουσι Id.Cyr.6.3.12

;

ἀποπτάς Arist.HA 619a32

.

II dat. συχνῷ is freq. joined with a [comp] Comp. Adj., like πολλῷ, σ. βελτίων far better, Pl.Lg. 761d, cf. Hp.Mul.1.69, Gal.6.471; νεώτερος ἐμοῦ καὶ συχνῷ younger by a good deal, D.39.27.

III Adv. [comp] Comp.

- οτέρως EM665.20

;

- ότερον Aristaenet.1.17

.

ἔργον, [dialect] Dor. [full] ϝέργον IG4.800 (vi B. C.), Elean [full] ϝάργον SIG9 (vi B.C.), τό: (ἔρδω, OE.

A weorc (neut.) 'work', Avest. var[schwa]za-):— work, Il.2.436, etc.;

ἔ. οὐδὲν ὄνειδος, ἀεργίη δέ τ' ὄνειδος Hes.Op. 311

;

πλεόνων δέ τε ἔ. ἄμεινον Il.12.412

;

ἔ. ἐποίχεσθαι 6.492

;

νῦν ἔπλετο ἔ. ἅπασι 12.271

; esp. in pl.,

ἄλλος ἄλλοισιν..ἐπιτέρπεται ἔργοις Od. 14.228

;

ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντο Il.3.422

;

ἔργων παύσασθαι Od.4.683

; τὰ σ' αὐτῆς ἔργα κόμιζε see to thine own tasks, Il.6.490 : esp. in the following relations,

1 in Il. mostly of works or deeds of war,

πολεμήϊα ἔ. Il.2.338

, al., Od.12.116 ;

ἔργον μάχης Il.6.522

; alone,

ἀτελευτήτῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ 4.175

, cf. 539 ;

ὑπέσχετο δὲ μέγα ἔργον 13.366

;

ἐπ' αὐτῷ δ' ἔργον ἐτύχθη ἀργαλέον 4.470

; later,

ἔργον.. Ἄρης κρινεῖ A.Th. 414

; ἐν τῷ ἔ. during the action, Th.2.89, cf.7.71 ;

τὸ ἐν Πλαταιαῖς ἔ. Pl.Mx. 241c

;

τῶν πρότερον ἔ. μέγιστον ἐπράχθη τὸ Μηδικόν Th.1.23

; ἔργου ἔχεσθαι to engage in battle, ib.49.

2 of peaceful contests,

κρατεῖν ἔ. Pi.O.9.85

;

ἔργου ἔχεσθαι Id.P.4.233

; also ἔργα θῆκε κάλλιστ' ἀμφὶ κόμαις placed [the reward of] noble deeds about his hair, Id.O.13.38.

3 of works of industry,

a of tillage, tilled lands,

ἀνδρῶν πίονα ἔ. Il.12.283

, etc. ;

ἔργ' ἀνθρώπων 16.392

, Od.6.259 ;

βροτῶν 10.147

; οὔτε βοῶν οὔτ' ἀνδρῶν φαίνετο ἔργα ib.98 ; ἔργα alone, 16.140, etc.; Ἔργα καὶ Ἡμέραι—the title of Hesiod's work ; πατρώϊα ἔ. their father's lands, Od.2.22 ; οὔτ' ἐπὶ ἔργα..ἴμεν will neither go to our farms, ib. 127, cf. 252 ; Ἰθάκης..ἔργα the tilled lands of Ithaca, 14.344 ; ἀμφὶ.. Τιταρησσὸν ἔργ' ἐνέμοντο inhabited lands, Il.2.751 ;

τὰ τῶν Μυσῶν ἔ. Hdt.1.36

; so later, PBaden 40.5 (ii A.D.) : generally, property, wealth, possessions,

θεὸς δ' ἐπὶ ἔργον ἀέξῃ Od.14.65

, cf. 15.372.

b of women's work, weaving, Il.9.390, etc. ; ἀμύμονα ἔ. ἰδυίας ib. 128 ;

ἔργα ἐργάζεσθαι Od.22.422

, 20.72.

c of other occupations, θαλάσσια ἔ. fishing, 5.67 ; a seaman's life, Il.2.614 : periphr., δαιτὸς..ἔργα works of feasting, 9.228 ;

φιλοτήσια ἔ. Od.11.246

;

ἔργα γάμοιο Il.5.429

;

ἔργα Κυπρογενοῦς Sol.26

;

Ἀφροδίτης h.Ven.1

; also

τέκνων ἐς ἔ. A.Ag. 1207

: abs.,

ἔργον Luc.DDeor.17.1

, AP12.209 (pl., Strat., s.v.l.); also

ἔργα ἰσχύος καὶ τάχους X.Cyr.1.2.12

; φίλα ἔργα μελίσσαις, of flowers, Theoc.22.42 ; of mines, etc.,

ἔ. ἀργυρεῖα X.Vect.4.5

, D.21.167, etc.; ἔργα πίσσια dub. l. in Plu.Cat.Ma.21.

4 deed, action,

ἔργ' ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε Od.1.338

;

θέσκελα ἔ. Τρώων Il.3.130

;

ἀήσυλα ἔ. 5.876

; καρτερά, ἀεικέα ἔ., ib. 872,22.395; παλίντιτα, ἄντιτα ἔ., Od.1.379, 17.51 ;

ἔργα ἀποδέκνυσθαι Hdt.1.16

, cf. Pl.Alc.1.119e, D.C.37.52 ; opp. ἔπος, deed, not word (v.

ἔπος 11.1

) ; opp. μῦθος, Il. 9.443, 19.242, A.Pr. 1080 (anap.), etc.; opp. λόγος, S.El. 358, E.Alc. 339 ; ἔργῳ, opp. λόγῳ, freq. in [dialect] Att., etc., Th.2.65, etc.: so in pl.,

λόγῳ μὲν..τοῖσι δ' ἔργοισιν S.OC 782

, cf. E.Fr.360.13 ;

λόγοισιν εἴτ' ἔργοισιν S.OT 517

; opp. ῥήματα, Id.OC 873 ; opp. ὄνομα, E.IA 128 (anap.), Th.8.78,89 ; in many phrases,

πέπρακται τοὔργον A.Pr.75

, cf. Ag. 1346 ;

χωρῶ πρὸς ἔργον S.Aj. 116

; τὸ μὲν ἐνθύμημα χαρίεν.., τὸ δὲ ἔ. ἀδύνατον its execution, X.An.3.5.12 ; ἐν ἔργῳ χέρνιβες ξίφος τε ready for action, E.IT 1190 ;

ἡ κατάρα ὑπὸ τοῦ δαίμονος εἰς ἔ. ἤγετο Jul.Or.7.228b

.

II thing, matter, πᾶν ἔ...ὑπείξομαι in every point, Il.1.294 ;

ἃ Ζεὺς μήδετο ἔ. 2.38

, etc.;

πάρος τάδε ἔ. γενέσθαι 6.348

, etc.;

ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔ. 2.252

, Od.17.78, etc. ;

μέμνημαι τόδε ἔ. Il.9.527

;

ἄκουε τοὔργον S.Tr. 1157

, cf. OT 847, Aj. 466 ; in bad sense, mischief, trouble, of disease,

αἰτίη τοῦ ἔ. Aret.SA1.9

; μέγα ἔ. a serious matter, Od.4.663, Th.3.3.

2 μέγα ἔ., like μέγα χρῆμα, χερμάδιον λάβε χειρὶ Τυδεΐδης, μέγα ἔ. a monstrous thing, Il.5.303, cf. 20.286 ; φυλόπιδος μέγα ἔ. a mighty call to arms, 16.208.

III [voice] Pass., that which is wrought or made, work, οἷ' ἐπιεικὲς ἔργ' ἔμεν ἀθανάτων, of the arms of Achilles, Il.19.22 ; ἔ. Ἡφαίστοιο metal-work, Od.4.617 ;

πέπλοι.., ἔργα γυναικῶν Il.6.289

, Od.7.97, cf. 10.223 ;

ὕφασμα, σῆς ἔ. χερός A.Ch. 231

;

κολεόν..λώτινον ἔ. Theoc.24.45

; of a wall, Ar.Av. 1125 ; of a statue, X.Mem.3.10.7 : in pl., of siege-works,

ἔ. καὶ μηχαναί Plb.5.3.6

; of a machine, Apollod.Poliorc.157.4, al., Ath.Mech.15.2, al.; of public buildings, Mon.Anc.Gr.18.20; of an author's works, D.H.Comp.25 ;

τὸ περὶ ψυχῆς ἔργον Ἀριστοτέλους AP11.354.8

(Agath.).

2 result of work, profit or interest, ἔργον [ χρημάτων] interest or profit on money, Is.11.42, cf. D.27.10.

IV special phrases:

1 ἔργον ἐστί,

a c. gen. pers., it is his business, his proper work,

ἀνδρῶν τόδ' ἐστὶν ἔ. A.Ch. 673

;

ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἔ. ἀγαθοῦ πολίτου Pl.Grg. 517c

; of things, φραδέος νόου ἔργα τέτυκται it is a matter (which calls) for a wary mind, Il.24.354 ; function,

ἅπερ νεῶν ἄμεινον πλεουσῶν ἔργα ἐστίν Th.2.89

;

οὐ θερμότητος ἔργον ψύχειν Pl.R. 335d

; τοῦτο ἑκάστου ἔ. ὃ ἂν ἢ μόνον τι ἢ κάλλιστα τῶν ἄλλων ἀπεργάζηται ib. 353a ;

ἔργα τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου

functions,

Gal.16.518

: c. dat. pers.,

οἷς τοῦτο ἔ. ἦν X.Cyr.4.5.36

, cf. 6.3.27: with the possessive Pron., σὸν ἔ. [ἐστί] c. inf., A.Pr. 635 ;

ἐμὸν τόδ' ἔ. κρῖναι Id.Eu. 734

;

σὸν ἔ., θῦε θεοῖς Ar.Av. 862

;

ὑμέτερον ἐντεῦθεν ἔ. Id. Pax 426

: with Art.,

νῦν ἡμέτερον τὸ ἔ. Hdt.5.1

.

b c. gen. rei, there is need of..,

τί δῆτα τόξων ἔ.; E.Alc.39

;

πολλῆς φυλακῆς ἔ. [ἐστί] Pl.R. 537d

: esp. with neg.,

οὐδὲν..ὀδόντων ἔ. ἐστ' Ar. Pax 1310

;

οὐ δόλου νῦν ἔ. Id.Pl. 1158

, cf. E.Hipp. 911 : c. dat. pers.,

ἐπέδρης μὴ εἶναι ἔ. τῇ στρατιῇ Hdt.1.17

: with Art.,

οὐκ ἂν μακρῶν λόγων ἡμῖν τόδ' εἴη τοὔργον S.El. 1373

: with a part. added,

οὐδὲν ἦν ἔ. αὐτοῦ κατατείνοντος Plu.Publ.13

: also c. inf., οὐδὲν ἔ. ἑστάναι there is no use in standing still, Ar.Lys. 424, cf. Av. 1308 ;

οὐδὲν ἔ. ταῦτα θρηνεῖσθαι S. Aj. 852

, cf. 12.

c c. inf., it is hard work, difficult to do,

πολὺ ἔ. ἂν εἴη διεξελθεῖν X.Mem.4.6.1

;

πολὺ ἔ. ἦν τῷ νομοθέτῃ πάντα γράφειν Lys.10.7

;

ἔ. ἐστὶν εἰ ἐροῦμεν D.24.51

;

ἔ. εὑρεῖν πρόφασιν Men.76

; also

μέγα ἔ. ταῖς..ἐπιθυμίαις καλῶς χρῆσθαι Pl.Smp. 187e

;

χαλεπὸν ἔ. διαιρεῖν Ar.Ra. 1100

(lyr.): also in gen.,

πλείονος ἔ. ἐστὶ..μαθεῖν Pl. Euthphr. 14b

: rarely with a part.,

οὐδὲν ἔ. μαχομένῳ Philippid.15.3

; ἔ. [ἐστί] c. acc. et inf., it can scarcely happen that..,

ἔ. ἅμα πάντας ὀργισθῆναι καὶ ἁμαρτεῖν Arist.Pol. 1286a35

.

2 ἔργον παρασχεῖν τινί give one trouble, Ar.Nu. 523, cf. AP9.161 (Marc. Arg., punning on Hesiod's Ἔργα) ; ἔργον ἔχειν take trouble, c. part., X.Cyr.8.4.6 ; c. inf., Id.Mem.2.10.6.

3 ἔ. γίγνεσθαι τῆς νόσου to be its victim, Anon. ap. Suid. s.v. ἄτολμοι ;

κτεινόμενος ὑμέτερον ἔ. εἰμί Plu.Eum. 17

;

τῆς ὑμετέρας γέγονεν ἔ. ὀλιγωρίας Luc.Dem.Enc.29

.

4 ἔ. ποιεῖσθαί τι to make a matter one's business, attend to it, Pl.Phdr. 232a, X.Hier.9.10 ; so

ἐν ἔργῳ τίθεσθαι Ael.VH4.15

.

V = ἐργασία III,

τὸ ἔ. βαφέων CIG3498

([place name] Thyatira).

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `be able, be equal, be equivalent' (Il.).

Other forms: Aor. δυνήσασθαι, δυνασθῆναι (Il.), δυνηθῆναι (trag.), fut. δυνήσομαι (Od.), perf. δεδύνημαι (Att.)

Derivatives: δύναμις f. `strength, power' (Il.; cf. θέμις and below) with δυναμικός `powerful, effective' (hell. and late), δυναμερός `id.' (medic.), δυναμοστόν a fraction (Dioph.); δυναμόω `make strong' (hell. and late), with δυνάμωσις, δυναμωτικός, δύνασις `id.' (Pi.). δυνάστης m. `lord, master' (ion.-att.) with δυναστικός (Arist.), δυναστεύω (Ion.-Att.), with δυναστεία, δυνάστευμα, δυναστευτικός; f. δυνάστις (Demetr. Eloc.), δυνάστειρα ( Tab. Defix. Aud. III^p). δυνάστωρ `id.' (E. IA 280 [lyr.]). Verbal adj. δυνατός `potens, able; possible' (Sapph.,) with δυνατέω `be strong' (2 Ep. Kor. 13, 3); δυνητικός `potential' (A. D.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Prob. δύ-ν-αμαι, a present with nasal infix, which was generalized: δυ-ν-ά-σθην for *δυά-σθην (cf. λίναμαι: λιάσθην), δυ-ν-ήσομαι for *δυή-σομαι etc., and in nouns δύναμις etc. An inorganic - σ- in: δυνά-σ-θην, δυνά-σ-της. The disyllabic root δϜᾱ- formally agrees with that of δ(Ϝ)ά̄-ν, δ(Ϝ)ᾱ-ρός (s. δήν, δηρός), but semantically a connection is difficult. - Cret. νύναμαι (Gortyn) must be the same word. It may be due simply to assimilation. Hell. δύνομαι is a thematic re-formation. - Details in Schwyzer 495 n. 5, 693 w. n. 5, 762; cf Frisk Eranos 43, 223 w. n. 3.

Page in Frisk: 1,423-424

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `prop', in the Il. (and h. Ap. 507) in plur. of the supports (stones or beams), put under the ships when drawn on land; metaph. of men, `support, column' (Il.); `cliff under the sea, on which the ship gets stuck' (Alk. Supp. 26, 6, Hdt. 7, 183, Th. 7, 25); `stone, or another weight, that can serve as ballast' (Ar., Arist.); `hope of stones' (S. Ant. 848 [lyr.], AP 9, 319).

Compounds: XX [etym. unknown]

Derivatives: ἑρμί̄ς (or -ί̄ν), acc. ἑρμῖνα, dat. pl. - ῖσιν `post of a bed' (θ278, ψ 198, Hdt. 3, 16; cf. ῥηγμῖν- from ῥῆγμα, σταμῖν- etc.); vgl. Hdn. Gr. 2, 431 with etymological speculations. ἕρμαξ f. `heap of stones' (Nic. a. o.), Ngr. ἑρμακιά ( ἁρ-) `wall of dry stones', many derivv. in the lower Ital. diall, s. Rohlfs WB 78f.; ἕρμακες ὕφαλοι πέτραι H. (cf. λίθαξ, μύλαξ a. o.). ἑρμεών σωρὸς λίθων H. (cf. βολεών s. βάλλω etc.). ἑρματίτης πέτρος `stone serving as ballast' (Lyk. 618). ἑρματικός `standing fest, resting..' ( κράββατος, PGen. 68, 10; IV<sup>p</sup>). ἑρμαῖος λόφος `heap of stones' (π 471; uncertain, cf. on Έρμῆς). - Denomin. verbs. ἑρμάζω `support, make stable' (Hp.) with ἕρμασμα, - σμός (Hp.), ἕρμασις (Erot., also Trozen IV<sup>a</sup> [- σσ-]; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 149); ἑρματίζω `id.' (Hp.). - On Έρμῆς ( Έρμείας, Έρμάων) s. v.

Etymology: Difficult because of the divergent meanings. One supposed two or three diffrent words. So in WP. 1, 267 ἕρμα `cliff' is considered a separate word (with Froehde BB 17, 304) and connected with Skt. várṣman- n. `height, hill, top, point'. This etymology however disregards the most important element of cliffs under the sea. On the other hand ἕρμα as ballast of a ship in WP. 1, 265 is with Vaniček and Fick (s. also W.-Hofmann s. sērius) connected with Lith. sveriù `weigh', svarùs `heavy', OHG swār(i) ` schwer'. In the meaning `support, prop' (2, 528) one connects words for `pole etc.', e. g. Skt. sváru- `pole,...at a sacrifice', OE swer `post, column', Lat. surus `twig, sprout, pole'. But it is very doubtful whether ἕρμα ever meant `pole'. - An attempt to combime all meanings makes Porzig Satzinhalte 266: the orig. meaning would be a `stone (for propping up a ship)', from where `Ballast-stones', and on the other hand - sarcastically - also `cliffs under the sea'. - Formally ἕρμα seems a verbal noun in - μα with regular ε-vowel. For an etym. one might think of Lith. sveriù `weigh' and relatives (s. above); so orig. `heavy weight, stone', IE *su̯ér-mn̥. - Kretschmer Kleinas. Forsch. 1, 4 thinks ἕρμα is Anatolian, pointing to the Lydian river Ε῝ρμος ( πολυψήφιδα παρ' Ε῝ρμον Orac. ap. Hdt. 1, 55), partly to Lycian PN in Erm-, Arm-. For non-IE origin also Chantraine L'Ant. class. 22, 69. - Wrong Gonda Mnemos. 3: 6, 165f. (Lat. sĕra, Gr. ἅρπη `sickle', IE * ser-.) - I see no reason for foreign origin.

Page in Frisk: 1,562-563

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `hatred, enmity' (Il.).

Compounds: As 2. member in φιλ-εχθής `who is prone to hate' (Theoc. 5, 137),.

Derivatives: ἐχθρός `hated' (thus always in Hom.), `hateful', m. `enemy' (Hes., Pi.); with ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος (A. resp. Il.); ἔχθρα, ion. - ρη f. `hate, enmity' (Ion.-Att., Pi.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 226). - Verbs: ἔχθομαι, only present-stem, `be hated' (Od.), act. ἔχθω `hate' (trag.); ἀπ-εχθάνομαι (β 202), aor. ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Il.), fut. ἀπ-εχθήσομαι (Hdt.), late present ἀπ-έχθομαι (Theoc., Lyc.) `make oneself hated' with ἀπεχθής `hated' (S., D.), ἀπέχθεια `be hated, hate' (Att.), ἀπέχθημα `object of hate' (E. Tr. 425; cf. Chantraine Formation 177f.); ἐχθαίρω, aor. ἐχθῆραι, also with ἀπ-, ὑπερ-, συν-, `hate' (Il.); ἐχθραίνω, aor. ἐχθρᾶναι (X.) `be enemy, hate' with ἔχθρασμα ἔχθρα H.; ἐχθρεύω `be enemy' (LXX, Phld.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] *h₁eǵʰs-to- `outsider'

Etymology: The relation of the words cited is not always clear. Clearly ἐχθραίνω and ἐχθρεύω are late derivations of ἐχθρός; much older ἐχθαίρω is also a denominative of ἐχθρός (Schwyzer 725). Also ἀπ-εχθάνομαι could with r:n-interchange be related to ἐχθρός (Benveniste Origines 16), though it could as well be a nasal enlargement of ἔχθομαι, ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Schwyzer 700, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 315f..). ἔχθομαι is acc. to Schwyzer 725 a backformation from ἐχθαίρω, but it is better connected to ἔχθος like σθένω to σθένος (Schwyzer 723). - More difficult is the interpretation of ἔχθος and ἐχθρός, for which cf. αἶσχος: αἰσχρός, κῦδος: κυδρός. If we start from ἐχθρός and consider ἔχθος with ἔχθομαι, ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος as innovations, perhaps after κυδρός, κυδίων, κύδιστος, τὸ κῦδος, we can connect ἐχθρός with Lat. extrā `outside', exterus `being outside', and so also with ἐχθός = ἐκτός `outside' (Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 n. 1 with Keil Hermes 25, 601, s. also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 30; against this Wackernagel KZ 31, 41 = Kl. Schr. 1, 720); ἐχθρός then would be prop. `outside, being in foreign territory, foreigner, enemy'; cf. Lat. hostis. - More in Bq, Seiler Steigerungsformen 77f., W.-Hofmann s. ex, Pok. 292f. Now Čop KZ 74, 225f.

Page in Frisk: 1,600-601

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `icy cold, frost' (Hes. Op. 494, A. in lyr., Arist., Jul.).

Derivatives: κρυόεις `horrible, lugubrious' (Il., Hes., Pi.), `icy-cold' (A. R., AP, Orph.) with analogical - ο- (cf. also Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28); s. also ὀκρυόεις; κρυώδης `id.' (Plu., Poll.); further perh. κρυερός `horrible, lugubrious' (Hom., Hes., Ar. in lyr.), `icy-cold' (Simon., Ar. in lyr.); cf. below. - Beside κρύος there are as independent formations: 1. κρῡμός m. `icy cold, frost, horror' (Ion., trag., hell.) with κρυμώδης `icy-cold' (Hp., Ph., AP), κρυμαλέος `id.' (S. E.; Debrunner IF 23, 22, Chantraine Formation 254), κρυμ-αίνω `make cold' (Hdn.), - ώσσω `be rigid from cold' (Theognost.). -- 2. κρύσταλλος s.v.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: The wordgroup has cognates in diff. languages. On κρύσταλλος, which is Pre-Greek, s.v. The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) Further one connects Toch. B krost, A kuraś etc. `cold' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 155 f.), but the -o- is difficult. One assumed for crusta the zero grade of an s-stem (so this is now wrong or irrelevant); beside it one proposed a full grade of the suffix in IE. *kruu̯-es- (?), Gr. κρύ-ος and in Latv. kruv-es-is `frozen mud'. Now *kruu̯-es- is not an admitted IE formation. It may have been * kruh₁-es-. [Not, with Frisk, to the word for `blood' Lat. cruōr \< * kreuh₂-ōs, Gr. κρέ(Ϝ)ας \< *kreu̯h₂-s-, s. v.] - With κρῡμός agrees Av. xrū-ma- `horrible'; but this word is analysed as * kruh₂-mo- and connected with the group of `blood' (above). One compared κρύος: κρῦμός with θύος: θῡμός, but the implication is not clear. The often assumed basic forms *κρύσ-ος, *κρυσ-μός are improbable (Frisk; does Chantraine accept this?) - κρυερός reminds of Skt. krūrá-, Av. xrūra- `wounded, raw, bloody, horrible', which points to * kruH-ro- (and Lat. crūdus `raw', if from * crūrus). κρυερός may have been rebuilt after the adj. in - ερός, but it can as well be an independent derivation from κρύος; cf. Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 23 n. 22. It might continue * kruh₁-er- (reconstructed above). Chantraine rejects the connection with `blood', as it would not fit semantically (but I think it fits very well) or formally. - A verbal * kreus- appears in Germanic, e.g. OWNo. *hrjósa, pret. hraus `shiver' with the zero grade verbal noun OHG hroso, -a `ice, crust'. On OIc. hrjósa see De Vries Wb., who denies that it has to do with cold or ice. - [Kluge<sup>22</sup> s.v. Kruste derives it from `verkrustetes Blut', which must be wrong, s. above.].

Page in Frisk: 2,28-29

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `stupid, obtuse, foolish' (IA.).

Other forms: Att. μῶρος (prob. from the voc.; Schwyzer 380 and 383)

Compounds: Compp., most late, e.g. μωρο-λόγος `who speaks stupidities' with - λογία, - λογέω, - λόγημα (Arist.), ὑπό-μωρος `rather stupid' (Luc.).

Derivatives: μωρία, Ion. - ίη f. `stupidity' (IA.), μωρίαι ἵπποι καὶ βοῦς ὑπὸ Άρκάδων H. (sg. μωρίας m. like ἐρυθ-ρίας a.o.; meaning as NGr. ἄλογο = ἵππος), Μωρίων (Arc. Gramm.; to be rejected Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1, 281: to Μυρίνη etc.). Denominat.: 1. μωραίνω `be stupid, foolish' (A., E., X., Arist.), `play the fool, make foolish', pass. `become insipid' (LXX, NT) with μώραν-σις = μωρία (Sch.). -- 2. μωρόομαι `become insipid (Hp.). -- 3. μωρεύω = μωραίνω (LXX). -- 4. μωρίζω `be stupid' (Gal.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Not well explained. Since Pictet (s. Curtius 338) usually connected with Skt. mūrá- `foolish' (?; rather `erschütterlich = invalid' after Thumb -Hauschild Hb. des Sanskrit I: 1, 271 n.) connected with ablaut ō(u): ū. Brugmann Festschr. Thomsen 6 connects mūrá- with Skt. mū́ka-'dumb' (s. μυκός). With words of this meaning we must reckon with deviations and crosses, which makes the comparison more difficult. -- Lat. LW [loanword] mōrus `mad, silly', s. W. -Hofmann s.v. Ngr. μωρό `nursling' (Andriotis Glotta 25, 17).

Page in Frisk: 2,

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to put in order, to make ready, to equip, dress with weapons, clothes etc.; to prepare (for a journey), to dispatch'; also `to furl, take in the sails, to tie up, to constrain'; midd. esp. `to summon, to fetch, to prepare (for a journey), to set off' (also act. intr.). `to dress'.

Other forms: Aor. στεῖλαι, - ασθαι (Il.), Aeol. ἀπο-, ἐπι-στέλλαι, fut. στελ-έω (β 287 a.o.), -ῶ, - οῦμαι (Att.). Aor. pass. σταλ-ῆναι (Pi., IA.), - θῆναι (hell.), perf. pass. ἔσταλμαι (IA.), act. ἔσταλκα (Att.), ἔστολα (gramm.).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix with variaous shades of neaning, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, συν-, ὑπο-. As 2. member e.g. ἰδιό-στολος `having one's own equipment, equipped at one's own expense, making one's own journey' (Plu. a.o.), πυγο-στόλος adjunct of γυνή (Hes. Op. 373; on the debated meaning Martinazzoli Par. del Pass. 15, 203ff.); ναυ-στολ-έω `to send on a ship, to navigate, to steer (a ship)' (Pi., S., E., late prose; ναύ-στολος only A. Th. 858 [lyr.; doubted]; cf. ναυ-μαχέω, οἰνο-χοέω a.o. in Schwyzer 726); ἀκρο-στόλ-ιον n. `decorated end of the rostrum' (Callix., Str., D.S. etc.); ἀπόστολ-ος (: ἀπο-στέλλω) m. `envoys, fleet-expedition' (IA.), `apostle' (LXX, NT). As 2. member e.g. μελανό-στολος `with a black garment' (Plu.).

Derivatives: A. 1. στόλος m. `equipment (of a campaign), campaign by water and by land, fleet, army, troop, legion, march' (Pi., IA.); also `rostrum' (Pi., trag.)`outgrowth, stump, appendage' (Arist.); cf. below. 2. στολή (Aeol. σπόλα; cf. below) f. `armor', usu. `dress, garment' (IA.), `obstruction, pressure, constraint' (Epicur., medic.); ἀπο-, δια- ἐπι-στολή a.o. (: ἀπο-στέλλω) `sending resp. extension, mission or letter' (IA. etc.) with ἀποστολ-εύς m. `officials for equipping and dispatching the fleet' (Att.) a.o., s. Bosshardt 53 f. From this the dimin. στόλ-ιον n. (Delos II^a, AP a.o.); στολ-άς f. `jacket' (Ael.); στολ-ίς f. `dress', pl. `folds' (E., Arist. etc.) with - ίδιον, - ιδώδης, - ιδόομαι, - ίδωμα, - ιδωτός. - From στολή and στόλος: στολ-ίζω, also w. κατα-, συν-, ὑπο- `to place in order, to equip, to dress' (Hes. Op. 628, E., hell. a. late), - ισις, - ισμα, ισμός, - ιστής, - ιστήριον, - ιστεία; - άζομαι `to dress' in ἐστολάδαντο (metr. inscr. Marathon II<sup>p</sup>; cf. ἐρράδαται a.o. Schwyzer 672). -- 3. στολμός m. `equipment, clothing' (A., E.). -- B. στέλμα στέφος, στέμμα H. (correct?); στελμονίαι ζώματα H. (= X. Cyr. 6, 1); cf. ἁρ-μον-ία a.o., Scheller Oxytonierung 58f. -- C. 1. - σταλ-μα, only from the prefixed ἐπι-στέλλω etc.: ἐπί-, διά-, ἀπό-σταλμα n. `public mission etc.' (Thphr., pap.). 2. διασταλ-μός m. `assessment' (pap. VI^p). 3. στάλ-σις f. `obstruction' (Gal.), διά- στέλλω `destination, treaty' (LXX). 4. ἀνα-, δια-, περι- etc. - σταλτικός (late). --5. On στάλιξ s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1019] * stel- `put (up), stand'; also [985] * spel- `split'?

Etymology: The above forms form in spite of all semantic differentiation a well kept together formal system. Outside the wide semantic cadre are, however, στόλος in the sense of `ships beak a.o.', a meaning which seems difficult to connect with στέλλω `prepare, equip, send out', but which can without difficulty be connected with στελεά, στέλεχος, στήλη [which in my view do not belong to στέλλω]. When judging the etymology some seemingly Aeolic, mostly only lexically attested forms with σπ- (against inscr. ἀπο-, ἐπι-στέλλαι) must not be overlooked: σπελλάμεναι στειλάμεναι, σπολεῖσα σταλεῖσα, εὔσπολον εὑεί-μονα, εὑσταλέα, κασπέλλει (cod. - έλη) στορνύει (all H.); σπόλα = στολή (Sapph.), κασπολέω (- σπελ-?) ὑποστορέσω (Sapph., H.). So ΙΑ. στελ-, Aeol. σπελ- from IE skʷel- (lit. in Persson Beitr. 1, 422)? After Bechtel Dial. 1, 125f. (with Schulze; cf. on this Hamm Grammatik 15 w. n. 3) in IA. στέλλω IE * stel- `send' and skʷel- `equip' (from where Aeol. σπελ-) would have fallen together. The difficulty to find IE * skʷel- back in other languages, as well as the meagre documentation of the σπ-forms both arouse suspicion against such a supposition. For some of the relevant words ( σπόλα, εὔσπολος) one might sonsider a connection with IE * spel- `split' (s. σπολάς). -- Exact cognates outside Greek are missing. Nearest comes Arm. steɫc-anem, aor. steɫc-i `prepare, creare' with unclear c (ɫc from l + s with Pedersen KZ 39, 427 ?); beside it steɫn, pl. steɫun-k` `stem, stalk, twig' (cf. στέλεχος, στελεά). Also several other words go back on IE * stel-, but deviate semantically from στέλλω: Alb. shtiell `wind up, reel up, collect' (IE * stel-n-ō); Germ. nouns as OE stela m. `stalk of a plant', OWNo. stiolr m. `tail-bone', NNorw. stjøl `stalk, stem' (\< * stelu-; cf. στελεχος, στελεά). Here belong also the unclear OWNo. stallr m. `constitution, crib, stable', OHG stal m. `living, seat, stable' (to which stellen) from PGm. * stalla- or * staðla-(IE * stol-no- or * st(h)h₂-dhlo- [to st(h)ā- `stand'; s. ἵστημι]); Skt. sthálam n. `continent, earth-bottom', sthálā f. `raised earth' etc. (cf. on στήλη). -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 643ff., Pok. 1019f., W.-Hofmann s. locus; older lit. also in Bq. -- The evidence for IE origin is meagre; could the word be Pre-Greek?

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καιρός, οῦ, ὁ (Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.)

① a point of time or period of time, time, period, freq. with implication of being esp. fit for someth. and without emphasis on precise chronology

ⓐ gener. (cp. Just., D. 32, 4 τὸν γὰρ καιρὸν [Da 7:26] ἑκατὸν ἔτη ἐξηγεῖσθε λέγεσθαι) κ. δεκτός a welcome time 2 Cor 6:2a (Is 49:8); cp. vs. 2b. καιροὶ χαλεποί difficult times 2 Ti 3:1. In ref. to times of crisis for the state λοιμικοῦ καιροῦ 1 Cl 55:1 (s. JFischer ad loc. note 322) καιροὶ καρποφόροι fruitful times or seasons (so Achmes 156, 15f: καρποφόρος is the καιρός in which the tree bears fruit, in contrast to late autumn, when there is no more) Ac 14:17 (OLagercrantz, ZNW 31, ’32, 86f proposes, on the basis of Mod. Gk., the mng., ‘weather’, but the pl. is against this mng.). καιροὶ ἐαρινοί 1 Cl 20:9.—ἔσται καιρὸς ὅτε there will come a time when 2 Ti 4:3; εἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον κ. to what time or what sort of time (some, e.g. NRSV, interpret τίνα=the person, but cp. PTebt 25, 18 [117 B.C.] καὶ διὰ τίνος καὶ ἀπὸ ποίου ἐπιδείγματος; s. ποῖος 1aα, also ποτατός) 1 Pt 1:11. ἄχρι καιροῦ until (another) time, for a while Lk 4:13; Ac 13:11; ἐν καιρῷ ὀλίγῳ in a little time 1 Cl 23:4; ἐν παντὶ κ. at all times, always (Aristot. 117a, 35; Sir 26:4) Lk 21:36; Eph 6:18; Hm 5, 2, 3. κατὰ καιρόν from time to time, regularly (TestJob 36:4; Lucian, Hermot. 10; Plut., Mor. 984d) J 5:4 (s. 2 also); 1 Cl 24:2; GJs 3:3; πρὸς κ. for a limited time (perh. also for the present moment; cp. Strabo 6, 2, 3; Ps.-Plut., Fluv. 23; BGU 265, 20 [II A.D.]; 618, 19; 780, 14; Wsd 4:4; Philo, Post. Cai. 121; Jos., Bell. 6, 190; Tat. 13, 1) Lk 8:13; 1 Cor 7:5. πρὸς καιρὸν ὥρας (a combination of πρὸς κ. and πρὸς ὥραν [2 Cor 7:8; Gal 2:5; Phlm 15; J 5:35]) for a short time (cp. our ‘for a short space of time’) 1 Th 2:17.

ⓑ a moment or period as especially appropriate the right, proper, favorable time ἐν καιρῷ at the right time (X., An. 3, 1, 39; Diod S 36, 7, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 8 §29; SIG 1268 [Praecepta Delphica II, 6; III B.C.]) Mt 24:45; Lk 12:42 (cp. on both Ps 103:27, w. v.l.). καιρῷ (Thu. 4, 59, 3 v.l.; Diog. L. 1, 41) Lk 20:10 (v.l. ἐν κ.). τῷ καιρῷ Mk 12:2. ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμός, ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος the proper time for me (you) J 7:6, 8 (Eunap., Vi. Iambl. p. 459 Didot: the worker of miracles acts ὅταν καιρὸς ᾖ). νῦν κ. ταῦτα ὑμᾶς μαθεῖν οὐκ ἔστιν now is not the time for you to learn this AcPl Ha 1, 26 (Just., D. 8, 1 ἃ νῦν κ. οὐκ ἔστι λέγειν al.).—καιρὸν λαβεῖν find a favorable time, seize the opportunity (Lysias, C. Agor. 6; Cleanthes [III B.C.]: Stoic. I no. 573; Diod S 2, 6, 5; EpArist 248; Jos., Bell. 1, 527, Ant. 4, 10; cp. PTebt 332, 9). καιρὸν μεταλαβεῖν (s. μεταλαμβάνω 2) Ac 24:25. λαβεῖν κ. εὔθετον find a convenient opportunity Pol 13:1. κ. ἔχειν have opportunity (Thu. 1, 42, 3; Pla., Ep. 7, 324b; Plut., Lucull. 501 [16, 4]; PFlor 259, 3; 1 Macc 15:34; Jos., Ant. 16, 73; 335; Ath., R. 23 p. 77, 6; Did., Gen. 112, 10) Gal 6:10; Hb 11:15; 2 Cl 16:1; ISm 9:1; IRo 2:1. ὀλίγον καιρὸν ἔχειν Rv 12:12. ἐξαγοράζεσθαι τὸν κ. make the most of the opportunity Col 4:5; Eph 5:16 (s. ἐξαγοράζω 2). On Ro 12:11 v.l. s. δουλεύω 2aβ and b. κατὰ κ. Ro 5:6 is more naturally construed with ἀπέθανεν than with ἀσεβῶν (cp. κατὰ καιρὸν θεριζόμενος reaped in its proper time Job 5:26).—The concept of the appropriate time oft. blends with that of

② a defined period for an event. definite, fixed time. Abs. καιροί festal seasons (Ex 23:14, 17; Lev 23:4.—So perh. also beside θυσίαι in the Ins de Sinuri ed. LRobert ’45 no. 42) Gal 4:10 (κ. w. ἡμέρα as Polyaenus 8, 23, 17). τὰς τῶν καιρῶν ἀλλαγὰς καταδιαιρεῖν … ἃ μὲν εἰς ἑορτάς, ἃς δὲ εἰς πένθη to set up periods of fasting and mourning in accord with changes in seasons Dg 4:5.—Not infreq. w. a gen., which indicates the reason why the time is set apart (Pla., Leg. 4, 709c χειμῶνος καιρός; Aesop, Fab. 258 P.=255 H-H./206 Ch. ἀπολογίας κ., also oft. LXX; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 191 κ. εὐφροσύνης; Jos., Ant. 18, 74; Tat. 36, 1 κατʼ ἐκεῖνον αὐτὸν … τὸν τοῦ πολέμου κ.; Hippol., Ref. 9, 30, 27 κ. τῆς παρουσίας; Did., Gen. 175, 2 κ. τοῦ ἐξελθεῖν εἰς τὴν γῆν) κ. θερισμοῦ time of harvest Mt 13:30 (JosAs 2:19). κ. τῶν καρπῶν time when the fruit is ripe 21:34; cp. vs. 41. κ. σύκων time when the figs are ripe Mk 11:13 (ParJer 5:31; cp. Horapollo 2, 92 ὁ κ. τῶν ἀμπέλων). κ. μετανοίας time for repentance 2 Cl 8:2. κ. πειρασμοῦ Lk 8:13b. ὁ κ. τῆς ἀναλύσεως the time of death 2 Ti 4:6. κ. ἐπισκοπῆς σου Lk 19:44. κ. διορθώσεως Hb 9:10. κ. ἡλικίας 11:11. κ. τῆς ἡγεμονίας Ποντίου Πιλάτου the time of the procuratorship of P. P. IMg 11. κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦ μαρτυρίου at the time of martyrdom EpilMosq 2 (cp. Mel., HE 4, 26, 3 ᾧ Σάγαρις καιρῷ ἐμαρτύρησεν). ἐν τῷ ἑαυτοῦ καιρῷ (Num 9:7) 2 Th 2:6. ὁ κ. αὐτῶν the time set for the fulfillment of Gabriel’s words Lk 1:20; cp. Dg 11:5 (s. διαγγέλλω 2). ὁ κ. μου my time=the time of my death Mt 26:18. κ. τοῦ ἰαθῆναι time to be healed 2 Cl 9:7. κ. τοῦ ἄρξασθαι τὸ κρίμα 1 Pt 4:17; cp. the extraordinary ἦλθεν ὁ κ. τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καὶ δοῦναι = ἵνα κριθῶσιν οἱ νεκροὶ καὶ δῷς Rv 11:18.—Pl. (Num 9:3 κατὰ καιρούς; Tob 14:4 S πάντα συμβήσεται τοῖς καιροῖς αὐτῶν; Heraclit. Sto. 11 p. 18, 18=the periods of time between; Maximus Tyr. 1, 2f πολλοὶ κ.; TestNapht 7:1 δεῖ ταῦτα πληρωθῆναι κατὰ τοὺς καιροὺς αὐτῶν; Ar. 4, 2 κατὰ καιρούς) καιροὶ ἐθνῶν times of the Gentiles (in which they may inflict harm on God’s people or themselves be converted) Lk 21:24.—κατὰ καιρόν at the appropriate time (Arrian, Anab. 4, 5, 1; PSI 433, 4 [261 B.C.]; Just., A I, 19, 4; Mel., HE 4, 26, 3) J 5:4; 1 Cl 56:15 (Job 5:26). Also ἐν καιρῷ (Himerius, Or 13 [Ecl. 14], 3): ἐν καιρῷ αὐτοῦ B 11:6, 8 (Ps 1:3). καιρῷ ἰδίῳ in due time Gal 6:9. Pl. καιροῖς ἰδίοις at the right time 1 Ti 2:6; 6:15; Tit 1:3; cp. 1 Cl 20:4 (Just., D. 131, 4 πρὸ τῶν ἰδίων κ.).—κατὰ τὸν ἴδιον καιρόν vs. 10.—πεπλήρωται ὁ κ. the time (determined by God) is fulfilled Mk 1:15. Pl. (cp. Ps 103:19) ὁρίσας προστεταγμένους καιρούς he (God) has determined allotted times (MDibelius, SBHeidAk ’38/39, 2. Abh. p. 6f, ‘seasons’; cp. 1QM 10, 12–15; FMussner, Einige Parallelen [Qumran and Areopagus speech], BZ 1, ’57, 125–30) Ac 17:26; cp. κατὰ καιροὺς τεταγμένους 1 Cl 40:1; ὡρισμένοις καιροῖς καὶ ὥραις vs. 2; τοῖς προστεταγμένοις κ. vs. 4.

③ a period characterized by some aspect of special crisis, time

ⓐ gener.: the present (time) Ro 13:11; 12:11 v.l. ὁ καιρός (i.e. the crisis involving Christians) ἀπαιτεῖ σε the times call upon you IPol 2:3 (Diod S 17, 27, 2 ὑπὸ τῶν καιρῶν προεκλήθησαν=they were called out by the [critical circumstances of the] times). Also ὁ νῦν κ. (PSI 402, 7 [III B.C.] ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ) Ro 3:26; 8:18; 11:5; 2 Cor 8:14; B 4:1. κ. ὁ νῦν τῆς ἀνομίας the present godless time 18:2 (s. also b below). ὁ κ. ὁ ἐνεστηκώς (Polyb. 1, 60, 9; Jos., Ant. 16, 162) Hb 9:9; ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ κ. at that time, then (Gen 21:22; Is 38:1; τῷ κ. ἐκείνῳ TestSol D 8, 2) Mt 11:25; 12:1; 14:1; cp. Eph 2:12. Also κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν κ. (Jos., Ant. 1, 171, Vi. 49; GJs 10:2.—Diod S 2, 27, 1 and Vi. Aesopi G 81 P. κατʼ ἐκείνους τοὺς καιρούς=at that time. Cp. κατʼ ἐκεῖνο καιροῦ Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 10.) Ac 12:1; 19:23. ἔτι κατὰ καιρὸν ὑπὲρ ἀσεβῶν for those who at that time were still godless Ro 5:6, though κατὰ κ. here prob.=at the right time, as in mng. 1b above (s. B-D-F §255, 3). τῷ τότε τῆς ἀδικίας καιρῷ … τὸν νῦν τῆς δικαιοσύνης Dg 9:1; cp. 9:2. Of the future κατὰ τ. καιρὸν τοῦτον at this time Ro 9:9 (Gen 18:10, 14). Cp. EpilMosq 2 in 2 above. ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ κ. just at that time (2 Esdr 5:3) Lk 13:1. W. attraction of the relative ἐν ᾧ κ. at that time, then Ac 7:20. κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν ὸ̔ν καὶ πέρυσι at the same time as in the year preceding Hv 2, 1, 1.

ⓑ One of the chief terms relating to the endtime: ὁ καιρός the time of crisis, the last times (FBusch, Z. Verständnis d. synopt. Eschatol. Mk 13 neu untersucht ’38; GDelling, D. Zeitverständn. des NTs ’40; WMichaelis, D. Herr verzieht nicht d. Verheissung ’42; WKümmel, Verheissung. u. Erfüllung ’45,³ ’56; OCullmann, Christus u. d. Zeit ’46 [tr. FFilson, Christ and Time ’50, 39–45; 79; 121]) ὁ κ. ἤγγικεν Lk 21:8. ὁ κ. ἐγγύς Rv 1:3; 22:10. οὐκ οἴδατε πότε ὁ καιρός ἐστιν Mk 13:33. Cp. Ro 13:11 (s. 3a above) if it is to be interpreted as eschatological (cp. Plut., Mor. 549f). πρὸ καιροῦ before the endtime and the judgment Mt 8:29; 1 Cor 4:5. ἐν καιρῷ 1 Pt 5:6. Also ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ 1:5; D 16:2. Pl. πλήρωμα τῶν καιρῶν Eph 1:10. ἐπηρώτων … περὶ τῶν καιρῶν, εἰ ἤδη συντέλειά ἐστιν Hv 3, 8, 9. τὰ σημεῖα τ. καιρῶν the signs of the (Messianic) times Mt 16:3. τοὺς καιροὺς καταμάνθανε learn to understand the times IPol 3:2 (s. WBauer, Hdb. Suppl. vol. ad loc.) The Messianic times described as καιροὶ ἀναψύξεως Ac 3:20.—ἔσχατοι καιροί (or ὕστεροι καιροί 1 Ti 4:1) come before the ἔσχατος κ. IEph 11:1 (cp. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτων κ. AcPl Ha 8, 26 [restoration is certain=Ox 1601, 40/BMM recto 34]); χρόνοι ἢ καιροί times and seasons (cp. Iren. 1, 17, 2 [Harv. I 168, 9] and καιρῶν κατὰ χρόνους ἀλλαγή Theoph. Ant. 1, 6 [p. 70, 1]; Artem. 4, 2 p. 203, 25f the χρόνος is divided into καιροὶ καὶ ὧραι), which must be completed before the final consummation Ac 1:7 (Straton of Lamps. in FWehrli, Die Schule des Aristoteles, V Fgm. 10, 32f κατὰ τοὺς καιροὺς καὶ τοὺς χρόνους; quoted in JBarr, Biblical Words for Time, ’62, 33; see also Diog. L. 5, 64); cp. 1 Th 5:1. συντέμνειν τοὺς καιρούς shorten the (last) times B 4:3. Sim. in sg. ὁ καιρὸς συνεσταλμένος ἐστίν 1 Cor 7:29.—The expr. καιρὸν καὶ καιροὺς κ. ἥμισυ καιροῦ also belongs to the eschatol. vocab.; it means the apocalyptic time of 1 + 2 + ½ = 3½ years, during which acc. to Da 12:7 (cp. 7:25) a tyrranical enemy of God and God’s people is to reign on earth Rv 12:14 (in imagery of a serpentine monster, δράκων)—ὁ κ. οὗτος the present age (cp. αἰών 2a) Mk 10:30; Lk 12:56; 18:30. Also ὁ νῦν κ. B 4:1. As ruled by the devil: ὁ ἄνομος κ. 4:9. καταργεῖν τὸν κ. τοῦ ἀνόμου destroy the age of the lawless one 15:5. The soul seeks και[ρο]ῦ χρόνου αἰ̣ῶ̣νος ἀνάπαυσιν ἐ̣[ν] σιγῇ peace in silence, at the time of the aeon crisis GMary 463, 1.—On Dg 12:9 s. the editions of vGebh.-Harnack and Bihlmeyer.—JMánek, NTS 6, ’59, 45–51; JBarr, Biblical Words for Time, ’62.—B. 954. Schmidt, Syn. II 54–72. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

μερίς, ίδος, ἡ (s. μερίζω and three next entries; Antiphon, Thu.+; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol; TestJob 38:2; 41:5; Test12Patr; Philo; Jos., Ant. 11, 292, Vi. 36; Just.).

① a portion of a whole that has been divided, part (Pla., Soph. p. 266a; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 14 Jac.; Diod S 15, 31, 2; 15, 64, 1 [where comparison with 15, 63, 4 τέτταρα μέρη … ἡ πρώτη μερίς shows that it is not necessary to assume that there is a difference in the meanings of these word-forms]. In ins and pap oft.=district: OGI 177, 9; 179, 8; PPetr III, 32 recto, 3 τῆς Θεμίστου μερίδος; BGU 975, 6 [45 A.D.]; PTebt 302, 4; 315, 13; Diod S 1, 54, 3; Josh 18:6). The wording of Ac 16:12 v.l in describing Philippi ἥτις ἐστὶν πρώτη τῆς μερίδος Μακεδονίας πόλις (vv.ll., among others, πρ. τῆς μερ. τῆς Μακ.; πρ. τῆς Μακ.) is difficult because of τῆς μερίδος.The transl. leading city of the district of Macedonia (e.g. Beyer, Steinmann, Bauernfeind, NRSV) is tolerable only through lack of a better one. As far as the form is concerned, the article is lacking w. πρώτη, and as far as subject matter goes, Philippi was not the capital city (which πρώτη means in such a context: Ps.-Scylax, Peripl. 35 [BFabricius 1878]; schol. on Pind., O. 8, 1h; cp. 6, 144g; Eunap. 7; 96; Procop., Aedif. 5, 4, 18 μητρόπολις … οὕτω πόλιν τ. πρώτην τοῦ ἔθνους καλοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι) either of the province of Macedonia or of any of its districts. The Nestle text follows Blass, who favored the conjecture of Johannes Clericus (LeClerc), and reads πρώτη[ς] μερίδος τῆς Μακεδονίας of the first district of Macedonia, w. ref. to the fact that the Romans (Livy 45, 29) divided Macedonia into four μερίδες=districts in 167 B.C. (so also Hoennicke, Preuschen, Wlh., Zahn; Field, Notes 124; EHaupt, Gefangenschaftsbriefe⁷ 1902, 83f; Belser; Zürcher Bibel ’31; Haenchen ad loc; RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 37f. On the textual variants, s. Metzger, Textual Commentary ad loc. S. also AClark and JLarsen s.v. κεφαλή 2b, end.—If the restoration of the apparently damaged text should result in a wording that would make it possible for πρώτη to refer to the progress of a journey, we might compare Arrian, Anab. 4, 23, 3 ἡ πρώτη καθʼ ὁδὸν πόλις; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 35 §137 Ariminum ἐστὶν Ἰταλίας πρώτη [i.e., πόλις] μετὰ τὴν Γαλατίαν=the first city in Italy after [leaving] Gaul; Ps.-Scylax §67: from Thessaly the πρώτη πόλις Μακεδονίας is Ἡράκλειον.—Linguistically πρ. πόλ. can, of course, be understood of time as well, and can mean the first city in connection with which someth. happens [Diod S 12, 67, 2 Acanthus was the first city, πρ. πόλ., to revolt from Athens]).

② share, portion (Demosth. 43, 82; Plut., Ages. 17, 5; Lucian, De Merc. Cond. 26; Vett. Val. 345, 16; SIG 1013, 4; BGU 996 III, 1; PLond III, 880, 18ff p. 9 [113 B.C.]; POxy 1482, 21; LXX) τὴν ἀγαθὴν μ. ἐκλέγεσθαι choose the better portion Lk 10:42 (fig., of food? Cp. Mft., transl., ‘Mary has chosen the best dish’, and s. Gen 43:34; 1 Km 9:23, but against him TGillieson, ET 59, ’47/48, 111f. For other reff. Field, Notes 63f; HAlmqvist, Plutarch u. d. NT ’46, 65). μ. κυρίου the Lord’s portion 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:9); cp. 30:1. τίς μερὶς πιστῷ μετὰ ἀπίστου; what has a believer in common with an unbeliever? (i.e., with ref. to the same thing; on μετά s. below) 2 Cor 6:15. Sim. μετὰ μοιχῶν τὴν μερίδα σου ἐτίθεις you cast your lot w. adulterers 1 Cl 35:8 (Ps 49:18). οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μ. οὐδὲ κλῆρος ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ you have neither share nor lot in this matter Ac 8:21 (cp. Dt 12:12 οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῷ μ. οὐδὲ κλῆρος μεθʼ ὑμῶν.—μ. καὶ κλῆρος also TestSol 14:5 and Philo, Plant. 60.—μ. ἐν as 2 Km 20:1; TestJob 38:2 ἐν γῇ καὶ σποδῷ). ἡ μερὶς τοῦ κλήρου τῶν ἁγίων a share in the inheritance of the saints / holy ones (cp. 1QS 11:7f) Col 1:12.—DELG s.v. μείρομαι II p. 679. M-M. TW.

οἴομαι contracted οἶμαι; impf. ᾤμην, ᾤου, ὤετο (all LXX); 1 aor. ᾠήθην ITr 3:3 (Hom.+) to consider someth. to be true but with a component of tentativeness, think, suppose, expect foll. by acc. and inf. (PEleph 13, 6; POxy 1666, 2; Gen 37:7; Job 34:12; Jos., Ant. 1, 323; Just., D. 114, 3; Tat. 16, 1; Ath. 36, 1) J 21:25; 2 Cl 14:2; Dg 3:1. W. inf. foll. (PEleph 12, 1; PFlor 332, 8; POxy 898, 24; 1 Macc 5:61; 2 Macc 7:24; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 117; Just., D. 2, 6; 10, 3; Ath. 36, 1) Phil 1:17; 1 Cl 30:4 (Job 11:2); PtK 2 p. 14, 25; Dg 2:7; 3:4f; 10:3. W. ὅτι foll. (Dio Chrys. 65 [15], 22; Epict. 2, 19, 26; Lucian, Ind. 7 p. 106, Alex. 61 p. 265 al.; Ps.-Aeschines, Ep. 4, 2; Is 57:8; EpArist 227; Tat. 26, 1) Js 1:7; 2 Cl 6:6; 15:1. The passage … εἰς τοῦτο ᾠήθην, ἵνα κτλ. ITr 3:3 is difficult, no doubt because of text damage; in their efforts to make tolerable sense of it, Zahn, Funk, and Bihlmeyer remain closer to the text tradition than does Lghtf. They read οὐκ εἰς τ. ᾠ., ἵνα κτλ. I do not consider myself entitled to, etc.—DELG. M-M s.v. οἶμαι.

πειρασμός, οῦ, ὁ (πειράζω; in extra-Biblical usage only Diosc., Mat. Med. Praef. 5; Cyranides; Syntipas [s. 2b].—LXX; TestJos 2:7).

① an attempt to learn the nature or character of someth., test, trial (Sir 6:7; 27:5, 7) πρὸς πειρασμόν to test you 1 Pt 4:12. διὰπειρασμόν τινα because you are being tried in some way Hm 9:7. Perh. Js 1:2 and 1 Pt 1:6 belong here (cp. Pind., O. 4, 22 διά πειρά τοι βροτῶν ἔλεγχο=trial is the test of mortals; sim. N. 3, 70f). Here also belongs the testing (s. πειράζω 2c) of God by humans (cp. Dt 6:16; 9:22) Hb 3:8 where vs. 9 shows that it is God who is being tested, and not the Israelites (Ps 94:8f).

② an attempt to make one do someth. wrong, temptation, enticement to sin.

ⓐ act. tempting συντελέσας πάντα πειρασμὸν ὁ διάβολος when the devil had exhausted every way of tempting Lk 4:13.

ⓑ pass. being tempted Js 1:12. Temptation, fr. without or fr. within, that can be an occasion of sin to a person (Sir 33:1; 44:20; 1 Macc 2:52; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 56, 9) μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν Mt 6:13; Lk 11:4 (s. bibliog. in The Lord’s Prayer and Other Prayer Texts fr. the Gr-Roman Era, ed. JCharlesworth ’94, 186–201); D 8:2; cp. Pol 7:2.—KKnoke, Der ursprüngl. Sinn der sechsten Bitte: NKZ 18, 1907, 200–220; AHarnack, Zur sechsten Bitte des Vaterunsers: SBBerlAk 1907, 942–47; AKleber, CBQ 3, ’41, 317–20; GVerity, ET 58, ’46/47, 221f; FGrant, Introd. to NT Thought, ’50, 208.—μέγα ἐπίκειται π. a great temptation is before me AcPl Ha 8, 22=Ox 1602, 31 as corrected HTR 31 ’38, 58 n. 2, ln. 10=BMM recto 28.—(εἰς)έρχεσθαι εἰς πειρασμόν (Did., Gen. 225, 8) Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38 (Unknown Sayings, tr. Fuller ’57, p. 59 n. 1 and s. the agraphon fr. Tertullian, pp. 57–59); Lk 22:40 (HBate, JTS 36, ’35, 76f), 46. ἐμπίπτειν εἰς πειρασμόν 1 Ti 6:9. ἐν καιρῷ πειρασμοῦ in a time of temptation Lk 8:13. ἡ ὥρα τοῦ π. Rv 3:10. ἐκ πειρασμοῦ ῥύεσθαι 2 Pt 2:9. Cp. also Ac 15:26 v.l.; 1 Cor 10:13ab; 2 Cl 18:2.—Also in the pl. temptations (Cyranides p. 40, 24 πειρασμοὶ ἐν γῇ κ. θαλάσσῃ; Syntipas p. 124, 18; TestJos 2:7) Lk 22:28. μετὰ ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ δακρύων καὶ πειρασμῶν Ac 20:19. ἐν ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς 1 Pt 1:6; cp. Js 1:2 ( trial is also prob. in the last two passages, s. 1 above).—2 Pt 2:9 v.l.—On the difficult saying τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε Gal 4:14 s. on ἐξουθενέω 1 and 2 and s. JdeZwaan, ZNW 10, 1909, 246–50.—HKorn, ΠΕΙΡΑΣΜΟΣ. Die Versuchg. des Gläubigen in der griech. Bibel, ’37; MAndrews, Peirasmos, A Study in Form-Criticism, ATR 24, ’42, 229–44; KKuhn, πειρασμός im NT, ZTK 49, ’52, 200–222, New Light on Temptation, etc., in The Scrolls and the NT, ed. Stendahl, ’57, 94–113.—M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

προηγέομαι mid. dep.; fut. προηγήσομαι (Hdt., Aristoph. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestJob 43:14; 52:12; ApcMos 38 [w. dat.]; Philo, Op. M. 28)

① to go first and lead the way, go before and show the way τινός (to) someone (X., Hipparch. 5, 4; 2 Macc 11:8) in vivid imagery of righteousness that goes before the good man to judgment B 4:12.

② to be in a position of leadership, preside (SIG 1109, 87; PLips 63, 6) οἱ προηγούμενοι the officials (cp. Dt 20:9; 1 Esdr 5:8f; 9:12 [τοῦ πλήθους]) of the Christian congregations 1 Cl 21:6. More definitely οἱ πρ. τῆς ἐκκλησίας Hv 2, 2, 6. W. πρωτοκαθεδρῖται 3, 9, 7.

③ The difficult passage τῇ τιμῇ ἀλλήλους προηγούμενοι Ro 12:10 is understood by the versions (It., Vulg., Syr., Armen.) to mean try to outdo one another in showing respect. Others make an association w. ἡγεῖσθαι=consider, esteem and prefer the sense consider better, esteem more highly for προηγ.: as far as honor is concerned, let each one esteem the other more highly (than oneself); cp. Kaibel 716, 5 φίλους ὑπὲρ ἁτὸν ἐτίμα=he valued his friends above himself; s. B-D-F §150.—M-M. TW.

ἁρπάζω fut. ἁρπάσω J 10:28; 1 aor. ἥρπασα; pf. 3 sg. ἥρπακεν Hos 6:1. Mid.: fut. ἁρπῶμαι LXX. Pass.: 2 fut. ἁρπαγήσομαι 1 Th 4:17; 1 aor. ἡρπάσθην Rv 12:5 (cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 69); 2 aor. ἡρπάγην 2 Cor 12:2, 4; Wsd 4:11 (Jos., Ant. 6, 14; 12, 144; B-D-F §71, 2) (s. ἁρπαγή; Hom.+) ‘snatch, seize’, i.e. take suddenly and vehemently, or take away in the sense of

① to make off w. someone’s property by attacking or seizing, steal, carry off, drag away (so mostly LXX; En 102:9) τὶ someth. of wild animals (Gen 37:33; Ps 7:3; JosAs 12:10) J 10:12 (X., Mem. 2, 7, 14); 1 Cl 35:11 (Ps 49:22). Of thieving people (SIG 1168, 111 [IV B.C.]; TestJob 18:1; Jos., Ant. 20, 214) τὰ σκεύη his property Mt 12:29. τὰ ἀλλότρια other people’s property B 10:4.

② to grab or seize suddenly so as to remove or gain control, snatch/take away

ⓐ forcefully τινά someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 113 §474; Polyaenus 8, 34; Ps.-Apollod. 1, 5, 1, 1 of Persephone; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 24, 3; Judg 21:21; TestJob 39:1) ἁ. αὐτόν take him away J 6:15 (cp. Jos., Bell. 4, 259, Ant. 19, 162; Philogonius, who ἐκ μέσης τ. ἀγορᾶς ἁρπασθείς was made a bishop [Chrysost. I p. 495d Montf.]; AcThom 165 [Aa II/2, 278, 5]); Ac 23:25 v.l. Of an arrest ἁ. τινὰ ἐκ μέσου αὐτῶν take someone away fr. among them Ac 23:10. Of seed already sown tear out Mt 13:19. ἁ. ἐκ τ. χειρός snatch fr. the hand (cp. 2 Km 23:21) J 10:28f; Hv 2, 1, 4. Of rescue from threatening danger (JosAs 12:8): ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς ἁ. snatch fr. the fire Jd 23.

ⓑ in such a way that no resistance is offered (Herodian 1, 11, 5; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 291 [Aphrodite ‘snatches away’ Aeneas, who is in danger]; Wsd 4:11; ApcEsdr 5:7; ApcMos 37 εἰς τὴν Ἀχερουσίαν λίμνην; cp. ViEzk 15 [p. 75, 14 Sch.]; cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 113), esp. of the πνεῦμα κυρίου, which carries someone away Ac 8:39 (v.l. has ἄγγελος κυρίου.—On the word πνεῦμα, which can signify either ‘spirit’ or ‘wind’, cp. Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1114, where ἀναρπάζειν is used of winds which transport a person from one place to another far away). Pass. ἁρπαγῆναι ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ be caught up to the third heaven 2 Cor 12:2 (Hesych. Miles. [VI A.D.], Vir. Ill. c. 66 JFlach [1880]: Tribonian, a polytheist, says of Emperor Justinian ὅτι οὐκ ἀποθανεῖται, ἀλλὰ μετὰ σαρκὸς εἰς οὐρανοὺς ἁρπαγήσεται); ἁ. εἰς τ. παράδεισον vs. 4; ἁ. ἐν νεφέλαις εἰς ἀέρα 1 Th 4:17; ἁ. πρὸς τ. θεόν Rv 12:5.—The mng. of ἁ. τὴν βασιλείαν τ. οὐρανῶν Mt 11:12 is difficult to determine; ἁ. beside βιάζειν (as Plut., Mor. 203c et al.; s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT, ’46, 38; 117f; s. βιάζω 1a) prob. means someth. like seize or claim for oneself (cp. X., An. 6, 5, 18; 6, 6, 6; Epict. 4, 7, 22; Plut., Mor. 81c; Iren. 1, 16, 2 [Harv. I 161, 9]; s. WKnox, HTR 41, ’48, 237). Another possibility is plunder (Libanius, Or. 1 p. 147, 4 F. κώμας ἁ.; Polyaenus 8, 11 τ. πόλεως ἁρπαγή=plundering of the city).—Finally ἁ. τι grasp something quickly, eagerly, with desire (Musonius in Stob. 3, 7, 23 [III 315, 4 H.] ἅρπαζε τὸ καλῶς ἀποθνῄσκειν; Aelian, NA 2, 50; Libanius, Declam. 4, 81 vol. V 281, 16 F. ἁ. τὴν δωρεάν).—B. 744. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.